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In the years following World War II, most of the remaining European
colonies gained their independence, and most became republics. The two
largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom. Republican
France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former
colonies. The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for
its earlier settler colonies of creating independent Commonwealth
realms still linked under the same monarch. While most of the settler
colonies and the smaller states of the Caribbean retained this system,
it was rejected by the newly independent countries in Africa and Asia,
which revised their constitutions and became republics instead.
Britain followed a different model in the Middle East; it
installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Yemen and Libya. In subsequent
decades revolutions and coups overthrew a number of monarchs and
installed republics. Several monarchies remain, and the Middle East is
the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by
monarchs with almost complete political control.[48]
[edit]
In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during
the Russian Revolution. The Russian Provisional Government was
established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this
was overthrown by the Bolsheviks who went on to establish the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This was the first republic
established under Marxist�Leninist ideology. Communism was wholly
opposed to monarchy, and became an important element of many
republican movements during the 20th century. The Russian Revolution
spread into Mongolia, and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924.
In the aftermath of the Second World War the communists gradually
gained control of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Albania,
ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics
rather than monarchies.
Communism also intermingled with other
ideologies. It was embraced by many national liberation movements
during decolonization. In Vietnam, communist republicans pushed aside
the Nguyễn dynasty, and monarchies in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia
were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s. Arab socialism
contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies
of Egypt, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen ousted. In Africa, Marxism�Leninism
and African socialism led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation
of republics in states such as Burundi and Ethiopia.
Islamic
republics[edit]
Islamic political philosophy has a long history
of opposition to absolute monarchy, notably in the work of Al-Farabi.
Sharia law took precedence over the will of the ruler, and electing
rulers by means of the Shura was an important doctrine. While the
early caliphate maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later
states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many
maintained some pretense of a consultative shura.
None of these
states are typically referred to as republics. The current usage of
republic in Muslim countries is borrowed from the western meaning,
adopted into the language in the late 19th century.[49] The 20th
century saw republicanism become an important idea in much of the
Middle East, as monarchies were removed in many states of the region.
Iraq became a secular state. Some nations, such as Indonesia and
Azerbaijan, began as secular. In Iran, the 1979 revolution overthrew
the monarchy and created an Islamic republic based on the ideas of
Islamic democracy.
Head of state[edit]
Structure[edit]
Systems of government
Republican forms of government:
Presidential republics with an executive presidency separate from the
legislature
Semi-presidential system with both an executive
presidency and a separate head of government that leads the rest of
the executive, who is appointed by the president and accountable to
the legislature
Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial and
non-executive president, where a separate head of government leads the
executive and is dependent on the confidence of the legislature
Republics in which a combined head of state and government is
elected by, or nominated by, the legislature and may or may not be
subject to parliamentary confidence
One-party states
Monarchical forms of government:
Constitutional monarchies with
a ceremonial and non-executive monarch, where a separate head of
government leads the executive
Semi-constitutional monarchies
with a ceremonial monarch, but where royalty still hold significant
executive or legislative power
Absolute monarchies where the
monarch leads the executive
Countries where constitutional
provisions for government have been suspended
Countries which
do not fit any of the above systems